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Icelandig book from (aproximately) the 13:th century. It contains information abot the families that colonised Iceland in the 9:th and 10:th century.
Most of the indoor lighting in mideval days came from the open door during the day. Other sources of light was the big open fireside, in nordic houses often placed in the middle of the house. In the north windows seams to have been uncommon. A few other light sources have been found. Among them are small bowls of Cheramic material, or soft stone. They where probably fueled by fish oil. In the finding from the Oseberg ship a few lighting bowls made of iron was found. These bowls was mounted on long sticks that could be pessed down in floor of soil in the houses. One has also found a couple of candles made of wax.
Loke, pronounced "Locke", was somewhat of a mystery god in the old norse mythology. He has been described in manners ranging from an old norse version of Satan to an ordinary asa god. Maybe this shattered viwe of him has its origin in the name, Locke, old norse for spider (Theory from Anna B Rooth, 1961). He makes, after the Feast in Ägirs halls, and the murder of Balder, the first net. Maybe he used a net even earlier when he caught the pike Andvare in the rapids of the river Frånånger. But in this case he probably 'loaned' Råns net. At shi time he was followed by Odin, and sun god Häner and the troll ring Andvarenaut.
The house in the mountains, where he is making his second net is a tempel for the sun, it has windows in every direction. Several rune necsriptions shows a net made to capture the boat carrying the sun. This myth may stem from the egyptian myth where the sun boat (according to the Ra poems in Heliopolis, Ancient Egypt) is captures by two kings in their ships. Probably the maker of the net is supposed to have staged the plot.
It is probable that this myth has survived until the bronze age in the nordic countries, but then been forgotten. Remains of the history have survived in the tales of 'the battle of Svolder', where the role of the son god is played by the king Olav Tryggvasson and the enemies role is played by Sven Tveskägg and Olof Skötkonung. The man making up the plot should be jomsjarlen Sigvalde.
Loke is the son of Fårbaute ("He who stabs in suprise") and Lauvey ("The tree of leefs"). Lokes two brothers are named Byleipt ("The one who hurts the farm") and Helblinde ("The one that binds to death"), on the whole a nice family. Loke is married to Sigyn and has a son with her, Nare ("The cheater"). He is probably also the father to her son Narve. Narve is turned in to a wolf by the Asa gods, and Narve kill Nare. Nares instestines is used in order to bind Loke at the Kitteldals cave, maybe a new likening to the spiders web. As a spider Loke is able to tranform himself to other insects. He acts like stinging Horse fly that stings Brokk while his brother Sindre is forging the sun ring Dräpner., sun boar Gullenborste and the Hammer for Thor, Mjäner. He is also known to have transformed in to a lice, tha stings the sleeping Freja so that she turns in bed and enables him to steal the 'sun jewellry', Brisingamen. All in all Loke seams to be a sworn enemy of the sun god Heimdall, who he fights at Singastein (Singän). Heimdal captures Brisingamen from Loke and it is used in Ragnaräk when both om them gets killed by one another.
Häner i also important, they are both Odins warriors on their walk to Hreidmar and at the meeting with the eagle Tjatse. Loke is beaten with a long stick and the stick he is magically fastened to the eagle bu this stick. He is then drawn over the land and to escape he is forced to promise to betray the goddess Idun and turn her over to Tjatse.
Loke is considered to be the foster brother of Odin since ancient times, and his role here is perhaps coupled to Odins role as heavenly god (supreme god so to speak) and inheritor of Tyr. The beer in the moon horn has played its part here, Odin had sworn to never drink any beer unless Loke gets some to. With bit of beer and a halfeaten bread (a half moon), Loke became a friend of Odin.
Loke have had many forms in the sags, many of them female. He is pictured as a dangeorus don Juan but can turn himself into a woman at will, he has even given birth to witches and Odins horse Sleipner. Sleipner is the result of a meeting between Loke in the shape of a mare, a shape he used to lure away Svadilfarne, the horse used by a giant to built the wall around Asgård.
As a spider Loke kills by means of a substance called lae, 'Burning poision'. He posions the air with laein the vana war. Loke is allways 'lae', the wise in poisoning. He forges the poisinous sword Laevetein. In his role as satan, he is the father of the three monsters Fenrisulven, Midgårdsormen and Hel. He is the ons steering the deathship Nagelfar with creatures of death and Tursar aboard to the battle of Ragna-rök.
Loke has been mistaken for 'Loge', a fire demon.
I am not fully sure about the engslish translation of this kings name. Roman emperor and the son of the french king Karl the great. By doing missionary work he sought ways to enlarge his political influence in the nordic countries, in particular Denmark. In 817 he splitted his kingdom between his sons Lothar Pippin and Ludvig the German. In a battle betweenn him and his three sons he was defeated in 833 at Colmar. Ludvig was then forced to resign.
Lund was founded by Knut the great, according to Adam of Bremen, 'The conqueror of England created Lund as a replic of London'. The location of the small ural town, far from any rivers, larger lakes or oceans indicates a town meant for local, rather than international trading. There are evidence that indicates that it was a town created by a government rather than the needs of traders. The oldest known habitats are from around the 11:th century.
A concious townplanning seems to have been effective from around the 1020. Knut the great started to make coins here. These coins (also called 'Lundamynt') seems to have been manufactured by anglosaxons (at least according to the names on the persons doing the coins). Lund became a bsicopate in 1060. Som of the early bishops in Lund:
Lökek
See: Ackja.
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